Parasocial relationships aren’t anything new, but the way they’ve evolved with the help of social media has made them stronger and more complex than ever before. The term, originated by sociologists Donald Horton and Richard Wohl in the 1950s, “parasocial relationship” describes a one-sided bond where a person feels deeply connected to a public figure, even though there’s no real interaction happening. In the past, it referred to fans of TV hosts or personalities who “spoke directly” to the audience. As of today, the concept has exploded into a cultural phenomenon, one that has shaped how Gen Z navigates connection, identity, and romance.Â
Social media has blurred the boundary between celebrity and fan. Apps such as TikTok, X, and Instagram have all created an illusion of easy access, allowing followers to see what their favorite person wears, eats, and thinks in real time. Unlike the distant Hollywood stars in the past, today’s public figures willingly share their more private moments, further feeding into the illusion of mutual familiarity. This feeling, the one where you think you know someone who doesn’t know you, is what fuels parasocial attachment.Â
It’s especially visible in communities such as K-pop. The Korean entertainment industry has perfectly mastered the art of constructing closeness with idols and fans. Idols aren’t only singers or dancers; they’re idolized versions of friends, partners, and confidants. Through livestreams, fan meetings, and paid content, fans can connect easily to their favorites in ways that are as simple as pie. And for fans who may struggle with loneliness or social isolation, that illusion of connection can be powerful and consuming. Companies such as HYBE, JYP, and SM Entertainment all understand the emotional power of accessibility and see it as a way to make quick and easy profit. Â
For Gen Z, a generation primarily raised on constant forms of connectivity, these relationships can replace emotional voids that can feel genuine. A favorite celebrity becomes a main source of comfort, validation, or even identity. But the key is to learn how to step back and understand what these relationships truly are: one-sided. Fans can still admire their idols while recognizing the difference between true connection and failing for consumption. Learning to limit constant exposure and focus on artistry rather than a fake persona is a perfect first step to separating yourself from the grasp of parasocialism.Â
This attachment, however, can easily spiral into something more dangerous. Some people develop unrealistic expectations when it comes to their idol and experience worsening traits of possession and obsession, to the point that many get upset when finding out their idol has an actual private life. The idea of their idol experiencing any sort of change, such as taking a break, fixing their appearance, or dating, can easily lead to thoughts and feelings of betrayal.Â
Parasocial relationships don’t have to be anything harmful, though. They can provide inspiration and motivation to fans while also opening doors to bring people together. K-pop and even other fandoms have raised millions for charities and given spaces of comfort for many around the world. The danger only lies in immersion, when fans begin to value the delusion of intimacy instead of real-life connections.Â
A great first step to stepping back is to practice awareness. Take a moment to ask yourself: “Do I love their art, or am I emotionally dependent on the person I imagine them to be?” Try to change your algorithm to feature more personal interests that allude to real-life activities and connections, and spend time building a community offline.Â
Parasocial relationships may have started as a result of entertainment, but now they’ve ventured into a reflection of a stronger need for connection in the digital world. The goal isn’t to embarrass or shame people for caring, but to remind them that the people they see online are showing off a persona and aren’t their true partner. Admiring them from a healthy distance doesn’t take away the joy of being a fan; it just helps keep the line between delusion and reality crystal clear.