Every college student has been at a plagiarism crossroad at one point or another in her life (yes, even you, Little Miss Perfection, who has never turned in an assignment a minute past the due date and who edits her research papers seven times before handing them in to the professor). In fact, we are constantly making the choice between correctly attributing a source and simply allowing it to slip by unnoticed.
Do I have to cite the source for a sentence that I completely rephrased into my own words? How will the professor know that this isn’t my original idea but that I read about it on a website a few weeks ago? Do I really need to quote something that everyone already knows is true? These are all questions that occasionally pop into our minds as we complete an assignment—not because we are dishonest or want to get by with the least amount of effort possible, but because the line between correct attribution and plagiarism is often quite blurry.
Here are a few guidelines to help steer you in the right direction the next time you find yourself a little bit, well, outsourced:
What Exactly is Plagiarism?
The Writing Tutorial Services at Indiana University defines plagiarism as “using others’ ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that information.” This includes copying others’ work without giving proper attribution, restating someone’s idea or words without providing the source, and collaborating with other students on an assignment without accrediting his or her contribution, among others.
The term’s definition sounds pretty clear-cut, yet why do so many students find themselves within the murky waters of the plagiarism plague? “The internet makes all too possible ‘borrowing’ and weaving in full text from unacknowledged sources; the net’s emphasis on ‘collaborative’ work can lead to witting and unwitting plagiarism,” says Boston University Professor and Chair of English, William Carroll.
So is the internet to blame for our uncertainty regarding proper source attribution, or is there another factor at work in this cloud of academic ambiguity? “I’m afraid students coming out of high school these days are particularly unclear on unacknowledged appropriations,” says Professor Carroll. Thus, part of the problem is the vagueness that surrounds the proper acknowledgement of internet sources; but another—arguably more important—aspect is the ignorance about accurate source citation that abounds among college students and those entering college.
Common Misconceptions
It’s not difficult to understand the concept of plagiarism from an objective standpoint, but when it’s 2a.m. and you are staring at the computer screen, halfway through your research paper, the situation becomes a little bit less transparent.
Here are four scenarios that might make you uncertain in your sleep-deprived haze, but which, when handled improperly, constitute plagiarism:
1. “Common Knowledge”
Just because you learn a fact that you think everyone else already knows about, this doesn’t mean you don’t need to cite it. Although the information may be “common knowledge” in the field of the course you are taking, it probably isn’t so for those who are not experts in that field. A plagiarism handout from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) suggests you ask yourself the following two questions to help you decide if a particular piece of information is “common knowledge”:
- “Did I know this information before I took this course?”
- “Did this idea/information come from my own brain?”
If you answer “no” to one or both of these questions, you need to appropriately cite the source of the information, as it is not “common knowledge” to you.
2. Paraphrasing
It’s tempting to think that no one will notice if you rephrase an idea that you found in one of the ten books you used for research. However, although it may seem harmless to rewrite something as long as you have put it into your own words, you are not the one who came up with the idea and therefore cannot present it as your own. When you paraphrase text, make sure you attribute the idea to the author and acknowledge the source at the end of the sentence.
3. Rearranging
You know how, when you’re dressing up to go out at night, you can style and rearrange an outfit to make it your own? Well, the same technique doesn’t apply to research papers. You can’t “restyle” information by taking phrases from a source and arranging them differently within your own paragraph: although the sentences may be in a different order than the original, they are not your own creation. Instead of rearranging the author’s text, either paraphrase it, or simply place the whole excerpt in quotation marks (and don’t forget to cite the source!).
4. Bibliography, Works Cited…What’s the Big Deal?
For me, one of the most painful steps of writing a college essay is making the bibliography. It seems pointless and wasteful to spend all that time arranging your sources at the end of the paper when you don’t even know if the professor is going to look at them. But trust me, the bibliography matters. “One year I was taking an on-line course and I forgot to include my works cited page in a PowerPoint,” says Leigh, a Quinnipiac University student. “The professor took fifty percent off. I was furious, but since then it has become one of the first things I tackle in a project.”
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Consequences of Plagiarism
The consequences of plagiarism vary from school to school and depend on the nature of the violation; but at most colleges and universities, plagiarism is a serious offence with serious implications. At Boston University, for example, “The consequences can range from receiving an ‘F’ on the assignment to being suspended from BU for one to three semesters,” says Steven Jarvi, Associate Dean for Student Academic Life at BU’s School of Arts and Sciences. “The sanction depends on a number of factors including whether or not it was a first offense and if it involved other students,” he says.
What Can We Do to Avoid Plagiarism?
It’s easy to slip up and forget whether or not you’re supposed to be attributing a source. Next time you’re writing a paper, make sure you go over this UNC checklist and cite the source even when you have done all of the following:
- “You put all direct quotes in quotation marks.”
- “You changed the words used by the author into synonyms.”
- “You completely paraphrased the ideas to which you referred.”
- “Your sentence is mostly made up of your own thoughts, but contains a reference to the author’s ideas.”
- “You mention the author’s name in the sentence.”
What to Do if You Realize You Plagiarized Something by Accident
If you have already handed in an assignment and realize you forgot to acknowledge a source, the most important thing to do is alert the professor about your mistake. Here are some steps you can follow if you find yourself in this situation:
- Let your professor know the minute you realize you didn’t attribute a source when you should have.
- Tell the professor exactly what information you accidentally plagiarized, where it can be found on your paper, and what the correct source is.
- Ask the professor if you can submit a new copy of the assignment with the proper attribution.
As long as you explain to your professor that you plagiarized by accident and that you are willing to fix the mistake, he or she will probably be understanding and allow you to make the change.
Happy citing!
Sources
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml#wwwplagiarism
http://www.bu.edu/cas/students/undergrad-resources/code/
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/plagiarism.html
http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/plagiarism.html
William Carroll, Boston University Professor and Chair of English
Leigh, Quinnipiac University student
Steven Jarvi, Associate Dean of Student Academic Life, Boston University College of Arts and Science